• It is a bridge between flavoproteins, which can carry 2 hydrogen atoms, and cytochrome b, which can . complex i is oxidized because it loses electrons, and q is … Continue reading "In one of the reactions in the electron transport . Coenzyme Q is distributed in all membranes throughout the cell [5]. Herein, what is Q in the electron transport chain? Coenzyme Q 10 supplementation resulted in 30-40% increases in 12-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats, restoring levels to those seen in the young animals. * One (1) pair of cytochrome c transporters are reduced (one electron each). Complex I transfers e- to coenzyme Q. The main difference between NAD and NADH is that NAD is the coenzyme whereas NADH is the reduced form of the NAD. chem 162 ch 23 Flashcards | Quizlet Coenzyme Q10 in the pathogenesis and prevention of ... Complex I transfers electrons to Q (coenzyme Q) in one of the reactions in the electron transport chain. This study was aimed at comparing the pharmacokinetics and tissue . and then extracting the ox-idized coenzyme . For assessment of total only, order TQ10 / Coenzyme Q10, Total, Plasma. In one of the reactions in the electron transport chain ... 2005 Jan 15;228(1):49-53. In the blood and lymphatic ducts, most of the body's CoQ10 is in the form of ubiquinol, where it acts as an antioxidant. 10. to Q oxidized coenzyme . In mitochondria there are well defined protein binding sites on the enzymes involved in coenzyme Q oxidation reduction Presented in part at the 41st Annual Meeting, American College of Nutrition, Las Vegas, Nevada, October 12, 2000. PDF The importance of plasma membrane coenzyme Q in aging and ... Ubiquinone (so-called because of its ubiquitous presence in organisms) is 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-multiprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone — also known as CoEnzyme Q (CoQ 10, Q).The reduced form (QH 2) is called ubiquinol and the partially-reduced free-radical form (.Q-) is called semiquinone.The quinone group allows CoEnzyme Q to function as an electron-carrier, while the highly hydrophobic tail of . Reduced CoQ10 is called ubiquinol. Complex I transfers electrons to Q (coenzyme Q) in one of the reactions in the electron transport ch… Show more Complex I transfers electrons to Q (coenzyme Q) in one of the reactions in the electron transport chain. When the electrons come on, the molecule is called "reduced," and when they come off, it is called "oxidized." (Coenzyme Q is also called ubiquinone or ubiquinol, depending on whether it is in oxidized or reduced form.) Chapter 20 Banking Questions and Study Guide | Quizlet ... Coenzyme Q10 is a naturally occurring benzoquinone important in electron transport in mitochondrial membranes. Required fields are marked * Comment. The same holds true for ubiquinone - stable as ubiquinone (fully oxidized), semiubiquinone (radical state), and ubiquinol (fully reduced). * One (1) pair of cytochrome c transporters are reduced (one electron each). • Reduced coenzyme Q passes the 2 e-to 2 cytochrome b and releases 2H+ into the mitochondrial matrix. In the blood and lymphatic ducts, most of the body's CoQ10 is in the form of ubiquinol, where it acts as an antioxidant. Coenzyme Q is a unique lipidic molecule highly conserved in evolution and essential to maintaining aerobic metabolism. Coenzyme Q10 is found in all in bodily fluids and in allmost all the body's cells. This pathway is tightly regulated at transcription and translation, but also by environment and energy requirements. Heart health. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) & Ubiquinol: What's the Difference ... It is primarily located in the mitochondria and also found in cell membranes and lipoproteins. The reduced form (ubiquinol) is a major form of coenzyme Q 10 in the cell. It protects against oxidative damage of the LDL cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein), the cholesterol form everyone is worried about. Ubiquinone is the oxidized form of CoQ10. Parenteral solubilized forms of CoQ10 could fully reveal its therapeutic potential because of its low bioavailability. Can anyone explain the Q cycle or the steps of the reactions in Complex III. To investigate the possibility that mitochondrial oxidative damage, oxidative DNA damage or both contribute to the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we employed high-performance liquid chromatography using an electrochemical detector to measure the concentrations of the reduced and oxidized forms of coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the . One (1) pair of hydrogen ions are moved from the matrix to the intermembrane space. 2. mental pressure: the body under stress, it will consume more coenzyme Q10. Direct measure of coenzyme Q (CoQ) in biological specimens may provide important advantages. Coenzyme Q10 functions as an endogenous antioxidant; deficiencies of this enzyme have been observed in patients with many different types of cancer and limited studies have suggested that coenzyme Q10 may induce tumor regression in patients with breast cancer. Oxidized CoQ10 - Ubiquinone Oxidation-reduction reactions always happen in matched pairs; no molecule can be oxidized unless another is reduced. Complex I is reduced because it loses electrons and Q is oxidized because it gains electrons. Coenzyme Q 10 is acting through formation of its semiquinone radical is a major source of cellular and mitochondrial superoxide radical [5, 6, 7]. 5.6: Structure of Electron Carriers - Biology LibreTexts Alternative nomenclature for these molecules is Coenzyme Q, CoQH +, and CoQH 2. Thus complexes I and II produce a common product, the reduced form of coenzyme Q (CoQH 2 ). CoQ10 is a potent antioxidant that exists in three different redox forms: ubiquinone (oxidized CoQ10), ubiquinol (reduced CoQ10), and semiquinone (free-radical CoQ10). What is Q in oxidative phosphorylation? In its reduced form, the CoQ 10 molecule holds electrons rather loosely, so this CoQ molecule will quite easily give up one or both electrons and, thus, act as an antioxidant. Complex I is reduced because it loses electrons and Q is ... Mans The oxidized version of CoQ10 (ubiquinol) is an active antioxidant that aids in neutralizing harmful metabolic reactions involving oxygen and nitrogen inside of your human body and is the supplemental form you should take. The classical electron transfer chain was described as the functional sequence of 4 major multi-subunit enzymatic complexes, randomly dispersed in the inner mitochondrial membrane and designated as NADH-coenzyme Q (CoQ) reductase (Complex I, C I), succinate-CoQ reductase (Complex II, C II), ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase (Complex III, C III), and cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV, C IV); in . All the operations except for reduced-pressure drying were carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere. However, previous methods are unreliable for estimating CoQ(10) redox status in tissue. In humans, the most common form is coenzyme Q 10 or ubiquinone-10.CoQ 10 is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition; however, it is sold as a dietary supplement and is an ingredient in some cosmetics. The 2 hydrogen atoms are removed from ubiquinol but they cannot be transferred to cytochrome b as cytochromes can accept or transfer only electrons. Decreased ratios of reduced-to-oxidized coenzyme Q 10 have been found in platelets of individuals with Parkinson's disease . As it accepts electrons, it becomes reduced. Q10 can help prevent the build-up of plaque in the arteries by reducing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the 'bad' variety), which would contribute to heart attack and stroke. Background: The percentage of reduced coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 H 2) in total coenzyme Q 10 (TQ 10) is decreased in plasma of patients with prematurity, hyperlipidemia, and liver disease.CoQ 10 H 2 is, however, easily oxidized and difficult to measure, and therefore reliable quantification of plasma CoQ 10 H 2 is of clinical importance.. Methods: Venous blood was collected into evacuated . It protects against oxidative damage of the LDL cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein), the cholesterol form everyone is worried about. This test provides both reduced and total coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Coenzyme Q 10. To simplify matters: The oxidized ubiquinone is needed to produce energy in the form of ATP, and the reduced ubiquinol functions as an antioxidant. Which is the reduced molecule? In its reduced form, CoQ10 is one of the most potent endogenously synthesized lipophilic antioxidants. So at this step the two Abstract. The weight ratio of reduced coenzyme Q 10 /oxidized coenzyme Q 10 of the crystal obtained was 99.5/0.5, and the purity of the reduced coenzyme Q 10 was 99.2%. Figure 23.13 summarizes the electron transport chain reactions associated with complexes I and II. The mitochondrial Complex I (also called NADH-Coenzyme Q reductase) is the first enzyme of the electron transport chain of cellular respiration. So at this step the two hydrogen atoms liberated from coenzyme Q will be ionized giving 2 hydrogen ions and 2 . Coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10 or Ubiquinone) is a naturally occurring quinone that is found in most aerobic organisms from bacteria to mammals. complex i is reduced because it loses electrons, and q is oxidized because it gains electrons. What this means is that the reduced Q10 delivers electrons whereas the oxidized Q10 receives electrons, which is why we say that one form is no better than the other. Oxidized: Complex I (loses e-) Reduced: coenzyme Q (receives e-) T/F: CO2 can store potential energy that is usable by the cell. Let's look at panel B. Ubiquinol (reduced coenzyme Q) is oxidized by ubiquinol dehydrogenase (Complex III). 'Q-Symbio' is a prestigious trial conducted on individuals with heart failure. Complex I: Complex II: Complex III: Complex IV: Here are the choices that need to be put in the correct complex: 1) NADH-ubiquinone(NADH-coenzyme Q oxidoreductase) 2) coenzyme Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase As the active form of CoQ10, ubiquinol serves as a better antioxidant because it can give its two spare electrons to free radicals, leaving the rest of your body's cells untouched. In Figure 23.13a the net process is shown with only starting and end . This is an oxidation-reduction reaction, meaning that one substrate will be reduced and the other substrate will be oxidized. As was the case with complex I, the reduced CoQH 2 shuttles electrons to complex III. Increase in the oxidized/total coenzyme Q10 Q-10 ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. Coenzyme Q 10 supplementation resulted in 30-40% increases in 12-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats, restoring levels to those seen in the young animals. Similar to NADH, FADH2 is the reduced form of FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), a co-enzyme. It was first identified in 1940, and isolated from the mitochondria of the beef heart, in 1957. Background: Ubiquinone-responsive multiple respiratory chain dysfunction due to coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) deficiency has been previously identified in muscle biopsies. oxidizing thus-obtained reduced coenzyme . An increase of oxidized coenzyme Q-10 occurs in the plasma of sporadic ALS patients. Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, HSCoA) is a coenzyme that facilitates enzymatic acyl-group transfer reactions and supports the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids. In this case, the oxidized and reduced molecules can be identified by the presence or absence of a hydrogen (representing the electron that is either gained or lost). Complex I is reduced because it loses electrons, and Q is oxidized because it gains electrons. Leave a Reply Cancel reply. To investigate the possibility that mitochondrial oxidative damage, oxidative DNA damage or both contribute to the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we employed high-performance liquid chromatography using an electrochemical detector to measure the concentrations of the reduced and oxidized forms of coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10) and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the . In the case of CoQ10, the prenyl side chain contains ten isoprenoid groups (decaprenyl), hence the name coenzyme Q10. In one of the reactions in the electron transport chain, complex i transfers electrons to coenzyme q which molecule is reduced and which is oxidized in this reaction? For each pair of QH 2 oxidized:: One (1) molecule of coenzyme Q is reduced. Q10 is also shown to help regulate high blood pressure 1. J Neurol Sci. Coenzyme Q exists in reduced (ubihydroquinone) and oxidized (ubiquinone) forms in biological tissues (1,2), with the reduced form being one of the most potent endogenously synthesized lipophilic antioxidants (3). Categories Uncategorized. Precise and selective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods with electrochemical (EC) detection have been developed for the measurement of reduced (ubiquinol) and oxidized (ubiquinone) CoQ in biological fluids, cells, and tissues. CoA is a thiol compound subject to oxidation. 1., age factors: 20 years old, human coenzyme Q10 peak, and then continued to decline, and by the age of 50, the body's coenzyme Q10 content will be reduced by 50% compared to 20 years old, 70 years of age is reduced by 60%! technical name of complex three is coenzyme Q, cytochrome c oxidoreductase. A shift towards oxidized CoQ10 is likely a sign of increased oxidative stress. In blood circulation, coenzyme Q10 exists predominantly as its reduced ubiquinol-10 form, which readily oxidizes to ubiquinone-10 ex vivo.Plasma concentrations of coenzyme Q10 reflect net overall metabolic demand, and the ratio of ubiquinol-10:ubiquinone-10 has been established as an important biomarker for . It is endogenously synthesized in all cells by a very complex pathway involving a group of nuclear genes that share high homology among species. False. iron-porphryn Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10), also known as ubiquinone or ubidecarenone, is a vitamin-like nutrient and lipid-soluble compound.As its name implies, it is ubiquitous and present in all human cells. Reduced coenzyme Q can prevent lipid peroxidation chain reaction by itself or by reducing other antioxidants such as a-tocopherol and ascorbate. Coenzyme Q 10 transfers electrons from complexes I and II to complex III [1, 5, 6]. Ubiquinol is the reduced form of CoQ10. The net result of the Q cycle is the transfer of the two electrons from a molecule of reduced coenzyme Q (ubiquinol or QH 2) to two molecules of oxidized cytochrome c forming two molecules of reduced cytochrome c and a molecule of oxidized coenzyme Q (ubiquinone or Q). The oxidized form of the NAD is NAD+ whereas the reduced form is NADH. One (1) pair of hydrogen ions are moved from the matrix to the intermembrane space. is the reduced coenzyme. Which molecule is reduced and which is oxidized in this reaction? Ubiquinol (reduced coenzyme Q) is oxidized by ubiquinol dehydrogenase (Complex III). EXAMPLE 2. Not only can coenzyme Q10 switch into Ubiquinol, but Ubiquinol can just as easily give up those two electrons and hydrogens, and switch right back into coenzyme Q10. Introduction. 10. by an organic solvent under Q an One (1) pair of hydrogen ions is removed from the matrix to help reduce Q-2. Why is it when we exercise, glucose is burned and mass is lost? Oxidized CoQ10 - Ubiquinone What is the role of Plastocyanin? Note the aromaticity gained by ubiquinone when it is reduced. Provided is a production method capable of efficiently producing a reduced coenzyme Q10 Form II crystal. D. in the reduced and semiquinone forms only. This does in fact happen many times a minute inside the body. o Complex Iis oxidized because it loses electrons, and Q is reduced because it Question : Q3.4. Conversely, if the molecule gains an electron, gains a hydrogen atom, or loses an oxygen atom, that molecule is reduced. Drugs containing coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in the oxidized (ubiquinone) or reduced forms (ubiquinol) are used to treat diseases associated with redox imbalance and are intended only for peroral administration. In the body coenzyme Q10 exists in two active forms, an oxidized form called ubiquinone and a reduced form called ubiquinol. The 2 hydrogen atoms are removed from ubiquinol but they cannot be transferred to cytochrome b as cytochromes can accept or transfer only electrons. For each pair of QH 2 oxidized:: One (1) molecule of coenzyme Q is reduced. In the blood and lymphatic system 90-95% of Q10 is in the form of ubiquinol. 5.6), its reduced form ubiquinol and the water soluble cytochrome c that is on the P-side of the membrane. These redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions play a crucial role in energy generation. CoQ10 shifts between oxidized and reduced forms, depending on the environment. 5 comments. Because the cytochromes can only carry one electron at a time, two molecules in each cytochrome complex must be reduced for every molecule of NADH that is oxidized. Coenzyme Q. Cytochrome C. The method for producing a reduced coenzyme Q10 Form II crystal includes: adding a reduced coenzyme Q10 Form II crystal as a seed crystal to a solution with a temperature of 32° C. to 43° C., the solution containing fa) at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of an . Function. We developed an accurate method for measuring tissue concentrations of reduced and oxidized coenzyme Q (CoQ). One study also found higher concentrations of oxidized coenzyme Q 10 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with untreated Parkinson's disease compared to healthy controls . During the transfer of electrons from Complex I to Q (Coenzyme Q) the Complex I is OXIDIZED because it LOSES electrons and Q is REDUCED because it GAINS electrons.. The energy produced by the transfer of electrons from coenzyme Q to cytochrome c is used pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Q-cycle has been described as a series of oxidation and reduction reactions of ubiquinol - ubiquinone (reduced - oxidized form of CoQ), (Mitchel 1991). Approximately 60% of CoQ10 is associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 25% with high-density . One (1) pair of hydrogen ions is removed from the matrix to help reduce Q-2. (35-37) High levels of CoQ10 in lipoproteins are directly related to high resistance to initiation of lipid peroxidation. One form is its reduced form. Is NADH reduced or oxidized? The oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons between two species.. Complex I is reduced because it loses electrons and Q is . The ubiquinone form is oxidized or reduced and is more biologically available than ubiquinol. In one of the reactions in the electron transport chain, Complex I transfers electrons to coenzyme Q (i.e., "Q"). Your email address will not be published. The iron of heme in cytochromes is alternately oxidized (Fe 3+) and reduced (Fe 2+), which is essential for the transport of electrons in the ETC. The reaction that is catalyzed by this enzyme is the two electron oxidation of NADH by coenzyme Q10 or ubiquinone (represented as Q in the equation below), a lipid-soluble quinone that is found in the mitochondrion membrane: (1). Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is the only lipophilic antioxidant to be biosynthesized, the main form in humans is coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10), but in rat's coenzyme Q 9 (CoQ 9 The level of oxidized CoQ10 is affected in specimens with even slight amounts of hemolysis; however, the total Q10 level remains constant. with a side chain of ten 5-carbon isoprene units (see Fig. The coenzyme Q : cytochrome c - oxidoreductase, sometimes called the cytochrome bc 1 complex, and at other times complex III, is the third complex in the electron transport chain (EC 1.10.2.2), playing a critical role in biochemical generation of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation).Complex III is a multisubunit transmembrane protein encoded by both the mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and the . 10Q. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide. After supplementation with coenzyme Q 10 there were significant increases in oxidized coenzyme Q 9 and coenzyme Q 10 as well as their reduced forms in cerebral tissue. Q10 : Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential cofactor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain responsible for oxidative phosphorylation where it functions as an electron carrier and acts as an antioxidant. This name gives a hint that the electrons are going to pass from coenzyme Q in its reduced form, to an oxidized form of cytochrome c, which is also non-covalently associated with complex three. The first oxidation-reduction pair is ethanol and acetaldehyde and the second . The reduction of coenzyme Q, by substrates of the citric acid cycle, and the oxidation of coenzyme Q hydroquinone, reac- tions catalyzed by beef heart mitochondria with externally added On the flip side, CoQ10 (ubiquinone) is better for energy metabolism . This redox reaction is accompanied by the vectorial transfer of protons from . Oxidized coenzyme Q 10 (100 g) was dissolved in 1000 g of heptane at 25° C. Not exactly sure how it works. Oxidized CoA may be used to study reduction systems (CoA disulfide reductase . 3- Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) • Receives 2 hydrogen atoms to form ubiquinol (reduced coenzyme Q) or 1 hydrogen atom forming semiquinone. In the cells' energy-producing mitochondria Q10 alternate continuously between these two forms, a feature that is crucial for Q10s effects in the body. Coenzyme Q10 is also known as Coenzyme Q, CoQ, CoQ10, Ubiquinone, Ubiquinone-Q10, Ubidecarenone, or Vitamin Q10. It is found in all cell membranes and is carried by lipoproteins in the circulation. NAD +, the oxidized version of niacin, gains two electrons (2e -) and a hydrogen ion (H +) to form a NADH molecule. The group formed by antioxidants and the enzymes able to reduce coenzyme Q constitutes a plasma mem-brane redox system that is regulated by conditions that induce oxidative stress. The active coenzyme Biopro-Q contains natural carob (locust bean) extract as a light-proof material in the outer layer of the capsule to ensure that the risk of Q10 oxidation is reduced to maintain its stability. When we absorb the oxidized ubiquinone from the intestine it is automatically converted to reduced ubiquinol. Coenzyme Q is also called ubiquinone or ubiquinol, depending on whether it is in oxidized or reduced form. Q3.4. It is highly soluble in lipids and thus diffuses freely in the plane of the membrane. Coenzyme Q10 is an endogenous antioxidant as well as a popular dietary supplement. Reduced CoQ10 is called ubiquinol. One form is its reduced form. Coenzyme Q 10 (Q 10) plays an important role in mammals for energy production in the mitochondria, and as a potent antioxidant.Oxidation ratio (% oxidized in relation to total Q 10) has been proposed as an important biomarker.A sensitive and reproducible HPLC-ECD method was developed for determination of reduced and oxidized Q 10 in canine plasma and heart tissue. Thus ubiquinone (UQ) forms a pool of mobile electron acceptors that conveys electrons between complex I and complex III. Complex III of the electron transport chain, also known as Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase or simply cytochrome . The concentrations of oxidized coenzyme Q-10 (CoQ-10) and reduced CoQ-10 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) was examined in order to determine whether the . Name * Email * Fe 2+ (reduced) > Fe 3+ (oxidized) coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinol) coenzyme buried within nonpolar tails of membrane mobile electron carrier--migrates within membrane from one protein complex to another CoQ (oxidized) > CoDH2 (reduced) hemes. 19 Isobe C, Abe T, Terayama Y. As it gives up electrons, it becomes oxidized. CoQ10 comes in two forms —ubiquinone (the oxidized form) and ubiquinol (the reduced form). I understand that complex III results in the pumping of 4 protons into the intermitochondrial space, and that the reduced form of coenzyme Q is oxidized, and 2 cytochrome c molecules are reduced. B. in the oxidized, reduced, and semiquinone forms. The overall Reactions in the ETC occurs as; Complexes of ETC Oxidized molecule? The only components which fit this category are ubiquinone (also called coenzyme Q, UQ or simply Q) which is found in mammalian mitochondria as UQ 10, i.e. Thank you in advance! reductase 1. Which molecule is reduced and which is oxidized in this reaction? The concentration of CoQ 10-TOTAL (oxidized + reduced CoQ 10) in human blood and plasma was determined by a modified HPLC method with spectrophotometric detection , . C. in the oxidized and semiquinone forms only. In the Q cycle coenzyme Q takes part: A. in the oxidized and reduced forms only. For the oxidation of ubiquinol to ubiquinone, 100 µL of 1,4-benzoquinone (2 mg/1 mL double distilled water, daily fresh) was added to 500 µL of blood or plasma a vortexed for 10 . The electrons are transported from coenzyme Q to cytochromes (in the order) b, c 1, c 2, a and a 3. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. After supplementation with coenzyme Q 10 there were significant increases in oxidized coenzyme Q 9 and coenzyme Q 10 as well as their reduced forms in cerebral tissue. microbial cells containing reduced coenzyme Q 10 at a ratio of not less than 70 mole % among the entire coenzymes Q 10, disrupting the microbial cells to obtain reduced coenzyme Q 10; and . Is coenzyme Q oxidized or reduced? NAD exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. CoA is involved in the mechanisms of a wide variety of enzymes. Coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone, is a coenzyme family that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria (hence the name ubiquinone). The common quinone is coenzyme Q, also termed as ubiquinone (UQ). Flavin adenine dinucleotide, or FAD, consists of riboflavin attached to an adenosine diphosphate molecule. The largest amounts are found in cardiac muscle, kidneys, liver, muscles and spleen. 2e - +2Fe 3+ S → 2Fe 2+ S. 2Fe 2+ S+Q → 2Fe 3+ S+Q 2-
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